Boil the Pasta: Bring a large pot of salted water to a rolling boil over high heat. Add your choice of pasta and cook according to package instructions, usually about 8-10 minutes, until al dente. Reserve 1/2 cup of pasta water, then drain the pasta.

Sauté the Garlic: In a large skillet, heat olive oil over medium heat. Add minced garlic and sauté for 1-2 minutes until fragrant and slightly golden.

Add the Sardines: Gently add sardines with their olive oil to the skillet. Break them into smaller pieces and cook for 2-3 minutes.

Incorporate Lemon and Spice: Stir in the zest and juice of one fresh lemon and a pinch of red pepper flakes. Mix for about 1 minute.

Combine with Pasta: Add the drained pasta to the skillet and toss to coat. Add reserved pasta water gradually until reaching a light, glossy consistency. Season with salt and pepper.

Serve with Fresh Ingredients: Transfer to plates and garnish with parsley and optional Parmesan. Enjoy warm.